My condition is going to keep me from working for over a year, but my doctor says that eventually I can go back to work. Am I eligible for any benefits?

Yes. As long as you have been or will be disabled for at least 12 months, you are eligible for any benefits for which you are qualified. (See the question, How will I know what type of benefits I qualify for?.) If you expect to return to work, you can file for a “closed period” of disability, which must be at least 12 months.